I. Nayiloni 66: Kukula kosasunthika pakufunidwa, kukula kwakukulu kolowetsa m'malo

1.1 Nayiloni 66: magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, koma osati zopangira zokha

Nayiloni ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la polyamide kapena PA.Kapangidwe kake kake kamadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa magulu a amide obwereza (- [NHCO]-) pa unyolo waukulu wa molekyulu.Pali mitundu yambiri ya nayiloni, yomwe imatha kugawidwa kukhala aliphatic PA, aliphatic-onunkhira PA ndi onunkhira PA molingana ndi kapangidwe ka monomer, yomwe aliphatic PA imapezeka kwambiri, yopangidwa mochulukirapo komanso imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri, makamaka. nayiloni 6 ndi nayiloni 66 pakati pa nayiloni za aliphatic.

Nayiloni ili ndi zinthu zabwino zozungulira, kuphatikiza makina, kukana kutentha, kukana kwa abrasion, kukana kwamankhwala ndi kudzipaka mafuta okha, ndipo imakhala ndi coefficient yotsika yolimbana, kuyimitsa moto kwina komanso kukonza kosavuta.Komabe, nayiloni imakhalanso ndi zovuta monga kuyamwa kwamadzi ambiri, kuchepa kwa kutentha, kusinthika kosavuta kwa zinthu ndi zovuta pakubowola, zomwe zimafuna kusinthidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kuti zitheke bwino.

Pali zinthu zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nayiloni: 1) ulusi wa nayiloni wamba: ukhoza kusakanikirana kapena kupota muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zachipatala ndi zoluka.Ulusi wa nayiloni amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani oluka ndi silika, monga kuluka masokosi a monofilament, masokosi a silika zotanuka ndi mitundu ina ya masokosi osamva a nayiloni, ma sarong a nayiloni, maukonde a udzudzu, zingwe za nayiloni, zovala zakunja za nayiloni, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya silika ya nayiloni kapena zinthu za silika zolukana.Ulusi wa nayiloni nthawi zambiri umasakanizidwa ndi ubweya kapena ulusi wina wamankhwala kuti apange zovala zolimba.2) Ulusi wa nayiloni wa mafakitale: M'makampani, nayiloni imagwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka kwambiri popanga chingwe cha matayala, nsalu za mafakitale, zingwe, malamba oyendetsa, mahema, maukonde ophera nsomba, ndi zina zotero. M'magulu ankhondo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma parachuti ndi zinthu zina za parachuti.(3) Mapulasitiki a Uinjiniya: amasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'malo mwazitsulo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amagalimoto ndi zoyendera.Zopangira zodziwika bwino ndi zopukutira pampu, masamba amakupiza, mipando ya mavavu, mabasi, ma bearings, mapanelo osiyanasiyana a zida, zida zamagetsi zamagalimoto, mavavu otentha ndi ozizira mpweya ndi mbali zina.

Nayiloni yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi nayiloni 6 ndi nayiloni 66, ngakhale kuti ntchito zawo ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito zimakhala ndi kuphatikizika kwakukulu, koma kunena kwake, nayiloni 66 ndi yamphamvu, kukana kuvala bwino, kumveka bwino, kugwira ntchito bwino, koma yolimba, yosavuta kuyiyika komanso mtengo ndi wapamwamba kuposa nayiloni 6. Nayiloni 6 imakhala yochepa kwambiri, yofewa, kuvala kukana kumakhala koipa kuposa nylon 66, pamene mukukumana ndi kutentha kochepa m'nyengo yozizira, mosavuta kukhala brittle, mtengo nthawi zambiri umakhala wotsika kuposa nylon 66, yotsika mtengo.Mtengo wake nthawi zambiri umakhala wotsika kuposa wa nayiloni 66, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotsika mtengo.Chifukwa chake, nayiloni 6 ili ndi zabwino zambiri pazovala zamtundu wa anthu, ndipo nayiloni 66 ili ndi zabwino zambiri m'munda wa silika wamafakitale ndi mapulasitiki aukadaulo, makamaka kunsi kwa nylon 66 m'munda wamagalimoto, nayiloni 66 ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zambiri. pa nayiloni 6.

Pankhani ya kapezedwe ndi kafunidwe, nayiloni 6 ndi nayiloni 66 ndizosiyananso.Choyamba, kukula kwa msika wa nayiloni 6 ndi wamkulu kuposa wa nayiloni 66, ndi kufunidwa kwa nayiloni 6 tchipisi ku China kufika matani 3.2 miliyoni mu 2018, poyerekeza ndi matani 520,000 a nayiloni 66. Komanso, nayiloni 6 yaku China ndi kumtunda kwake. caprolactam yaiwisi imakhala yokwanira yokha, ndi mlingo wokwanira wa nayiloni 6 kufika pa 91% ndi caprolactam 93%;komabe, mlingo wodzikwanira wa nayiloni 66 ndi 64% yokha, pamene kudalira kunja kwa caprolactam yamtengo wapatali kumtunda ndi 100%.Potengera kulowetsa m'malo, kuchuluka kwa kulowetsa m'malo mwa nayiloni 66 mwachiwonekere ndikwambiri kuposa kwa nayiloni 6. Lipotili likuyang'ana kwambiri zomwe zingakhudze kupezeka, kufunikira ndi ukadaulo wa nayiloni 66 ndi zida zake zakumtunda. , adiponitrile, pa chilengedwe cha mafakitale.

Nylon 66 imachokera ku polycondensation ya adipic acid ndi adipic diamine mu 1: 1 molar ratio.Adipic acid nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi hydrogenation ya pure benzene yotsatiridwa ndi oxidation ndi nitric acid.Ukadaulo wopangira adipic acid ku China ndi wokhwima ndipo pali mphamvu zambiri.

Mu 2018, kufunikira kowonekera kwa asidi adipic ku China kunali matani 340,000 ndipo kupanga dziko lonse kunali matani 310,000, ndikudzidalira kopitilira 90%.Komabe, kupanga mafakitale a hexamethylene diamine pafupifupi kwathunthu zochokera hydrogenation wa adiponitrile, amene panopa ku China, kotero makampani nayiloni 66 kwenikweni kwathunthu pansi zimphona akunja adiponitrile.Poganizira za malonda omwe akuyandikira aukadaulo wapakhomo wa adiponitrile, timakhulupirira kuti kulowetsa m'malo mwa adiponitrile kudzabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu mumakampani a nayiloni 66 m'zaka zikubwerazi.

1.2 Kupereka kwa nayiloni 66 ndi kufunikira: oligopoly ndi kudalira kwambiri kuchokera kunja

Zikuoneka kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nayiloni 66 ku China kunali matani 520,000 mu 2018, kuwerengera pafupifupi 23% yazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.Mapulasitiki aumisiri anali 49%, ulusi wa mafakitale 34%, ulusi wamba 13% ndi ntchito zina 4%.Mapulasitiki aumisiri ndi otsika kwambiri kunsi kwa nayiloni 66, pafupifupi 47% ya mapulasitiki aumisiri a nayiloni 66 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani amagalimoto, kutsatiridwa ndi magetsi ndi zamagetsi (28%) ndi zoyendera njanji (25%).

Magalimoto akupitilizabe kukhala dalaivala wamkulu pakufunidwa kwa nayiloni 66, ndikuwonetsetsa kuchulukirachulukira kwamafuta ndi kutsika kwamafuta amagalimoto ndikuyendetsa kukonda mapulasitiki opepuka kuposa zitsulo posankha zida ndi opanga magalimoto.Nylon 66 ndi chinthu chopepuka chokhala ndi matenthedwe abwino kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino kwa opanga magalimoto ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yambiri yamagalimoto opangira magetsi.Airbags alinso malo opangira ma nayiloni 66 mafakitale.Kufunika kwakukulu kwamakampani amagalimoto kukuyembekezeka kulimbikitsa kukula kwa msika wa nayiloni 66.

Nylon 66 imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, kuyatsa magetsi, zophika mpunga, ma hoovers amagetsi, ma heaters apamwamba amagetsi amagetsi, ndi zina. kupanga mabokosi olumikizirana, ma switch ndi resistors.Nayiloni 66 yobwezeretsanso moto imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga tatifupi mawaya a menyu, zosungira komanso zowongolera.

Sitima zapamtunda ndi gawo lachitatu lalikulu kwambiri logwiritsira ntchito mapulasitiki opangira nayiloni 66.Nayiloni 66 yagalasi yolimbitsidwa ndigalasi ndi yolimba, yopepuka, yosavala, yosachita dzimbiri, yosavuta kuumba, yosinthidwa kuti ikhale yolimba, kuzizira komanso kutsekereza, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale a njanji yothamanga kwambiri komanso m'mafakitale a metro.

Makampani a nayiloni 66 ali ndi mawonekedwe a oligopoly, omwe amapanga nayiloni 66 padziko lonse lapansi makamaka makamaka m'mabizinesi akuluakulu monga INVISTA ndi Shenma, kotero zotchinga zolowera ndizokwera kwambiri, makamaka m'chigawo chakumtunda chakumtunda kwa unyolo wamakampani.Kumbali yofunikira, ngakhale kukula kwa mafakitale opanga nsalu ndi magalimoto aku China padziko lonse lapansi komanso ku China kudzatsika mu 2018-2019, m'kupita kwanthawi tikukhulupirira kuti kukwera kwamphamvu kwa anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa umwini wagalimoto aliyense kudzabweretsabe. malo ambiri ofunikira zovala ndi magalimoto.Nylon 66 ikuyembekezeka kupitiliza kukula m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, ndipo potengera momwe zinthu ziliri pano, pali mwayi woti mulowe m'malo ku China.